As the United States and its coalition partners work to dismantle remnants of Da’esh in Mosul, the question we all need to be asking is what comes next? What exactly do groups like Da’esh offer in place of state-supported governance, and why are some violent extremist organizations more successful at employing nonviolent means to achieve often violent ends than others? When we think about organizations like Da’esh, al-Qaeda, and the Taliban today, we tend to think mostly about bomb blasts and beheadings. For many engaged in counterterrorism policy, action shots of packs of armed men, kitted out in masks and makeshift military gear, wielding rocket launchers and AK-47s are standard fare. Historically, research on nonstate armed actors who promote extremist ideas about governance has likewise focused variously on the origin stories of groups like al-Qaeda, the rise and fall of leading organizational ideologues such as Osama bin Laden, and global, national, and local responses to the destruction they leave in their wake in parts of the world as disparate as Brussels and Bamako. But, it is safe to say that we still don’t know what we don’t know about the nonviolent tools, tactics, and tricks violent nonstate organizations employ to stoke support for their own agendas….